Abdominal Painaccording to TCM

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What is Abdominal Pain?

Abdominal pain, a common complaint among individuals, can manifest in numerous forms, from mild discomfort to severe cramps. The symptoms associated with abdominal pain include a range of conditions like belly aches, intestinal cramps, and upper stomach pain, pointing to the diversity in its potential causes and presentations. Sub-symptoms further categorize the pain, offering a glimpse into the complexity of diagnosing and treating abdominal discomfort. This variety underscores the importance of understanding the specific nature of abdominal pain for effective management and treatment.

How Does TCM View Abdominal Pain?

Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) approaches abdominal pain with a holistic lens, focusing on the underlying imbalances within the body's energy system. TCM suggests that pain is a manifestation of disharmony among the body's vital energies, identifying specific patterns of this disharmony is essential for treatment.

This approach contrasts with Western medicine by emphasizing the restoration of balance through natural methods and personalized treatments. Identifying the root cause, or pattern, is crucial as it informs the selection of herbs, formulas, and acupuncture points used to alleviate the pain.

Root Causes of Abdominal Pain in TCM

In TCM, abdominal pain is often attributed to various patterns of disharmony, such as Heat and Qi Stagnation. Heat patterns, including Damp-Heat invading the Spleen and Toxic-Heat, manifest symptoms like malodorous diarrhea, fever, and abdominal discomfort, indicating an excess of heat within the body.

Conversely, Qi Stagnation reflects blocked or irregular energy flow, causing symptoms like abdominal distention and mood swings. Understanding these patterns allows practitioners to tailor treatments that address the specific type of imbalance, offering a more nuanced approach to alleviating abdominal pain.

Explore below more details about what might cause Abdominal pain according to TCM.

  • By Syndrome
  • By Organ
  • Heat
  • Cold
  • Blood Stasis
  • Qi Stagnation
  • Dampness
  • Yang Deficiency
  • Phlegm
  • Blood Deficiency
  • Qi Deficiency
  • Qi Rebellion
  • Yin Deficiency
  • Yin Excess
  • Wind
  • Stomach
  • Spleen
  • Liver
  • Kidney
  • Small Intestine
  • Large Intestine
  • Uterus
  • Gallbladder
  • Pericardium
  • Triple Burner
  • Lung
Detailed description of the cause

Heat

In TCM "Heat" signifies an excess of Yang energy, leading to an imbalance where heat predominates over the body's cool Yin aspects. This condition is metaphorically akin to an internal over-heating. Symptoms indicative of Heat can include feelings of warmth, fever, sweating, irritability, red face, thirst with a preference for cold drinks, and a rapid pulse. The tongue may appear red with a yellow coating. Unlike the common interpretation of heat in terms of temperature, in TCM, it represents a state of hyperactivity or inflammation in the body.... see more

Heat Patterns That Can Lead to Abdominal Pain

Common Symptoms: Feeling Of Heat Thirst Bitter Taste In The Mouth Scanty And Dark Urine Fever Constipation Irritability Restlessness

Pattern Name Relevant Symptoms Relevant Formulas
Damp-Heat invading the Spleen Abdominal and epigastric pain, Lack of appetite, Feeling of heaviness, Dry mouth without desire to drink, Nausea or vomiting, Malodorous diarrhea, Anal burning, Feeling of heat, Scanty and dark urine, Low grade fever, Dull headache, Dull yellow complexion, Yellow sclera, Oily sweat, Itchy rashes, Bitter taste in the mouth, Upper abdominal fullness, Upper abdominal pain... see more Lian Po Yin
Toxic-Heat Abdominal pain, Fever, Edema, Pus and discharge, Boils, Carbuncles, Pustule, Red skin eruptions, Sore throat, Eczema, Perineum swollen, Prostate swollen, Testicular swelling, Mouth ulcers, Tonsil swelling... see more Wu Wei Xiao Du Yin
Bright Yang Fire in Stomach and Intestines Abdominal pain, Afternoon fever, Excessive sweating, Sweating on limbs, Abdominal fullness, Constipation, Dry stools, Thirst, Dark urine, Anal burning, Irritability, Delirium... see more Tiao Wei Cheng Qi Tang | Xiao Cheng Qi Tang
Damp-Heat in the Large Intestine Abdominal pain, Abdominal fullness, Diarrhea, Hematochezia, Mucous in feces, Smelly stools, Anal burning, Scanty and dark urine, Fever, Excessive sweating, Feeling of heat, Thirst, Feeling of heaviness... see more Ge Geng Huang Qin Huang Lian Tang | Shao Yao Tang
Heat in the Blood Abdominal pain, Feeling of heat, Red skin eruptions, Thirst, Frequent bleeding, Bloody sputum, Hematochezia, Hematuria, Vomiting blood, Cough of blood, Nosebleeds, Excessive menstruation... see more Jia Wei Xiao Yao San | Qing Jing San | Long Dan Xie Gan Tang | Liang Di Tang | Di Gu Pi Yin
Full-Heat in the Small Intestine Abdominal pain, Restlessness, Insomnia, Tongue ulcers, Mouth ulcers, Throat pain, Deafness, Cardiac burning sensation, Craving for cold beverages, Scanty and dark urine, Hematuria, Urinary burning... see more Dao Chi San
Heat in Lessor Yang Abdominal pain, Burning abdominal pain, Fever, Bitter taste in the mouth, Diarrhea, Sticky taste in the mouth, Malodorous diarrhea, Anal irritation, Upper abdominal burning pain, Tenesmus... see more Huang Qin Tang
Stagnant Liver Qi turning into Fire Abdominal pain, Hypochondriac distention, Upper abdominal distension, Stifling sensation in the chest, Irritability, Melancholia, Depression, Mood swings, Globus sensation, Feeling of heat, Flushed face, Thirst, Anger, Pre menstrual tension, Irregular periods, Pre menstrual breast distension, Excessive menstruation... see more Jia Wei Xiao Yao San | Xuan Yu Tong Jing Tang
Damp-Heat Lower abdominal pain, Fever, Neck gland swelling, Headaches, Tight feeling in chest and stomach, Sticky taste in the mouth, Absence of thirst, Feeling of heat, Feeling of heaviness, Bitter taste in the mouth, Acne... see more Xiao Yao San | Er Miao San | Qing Re Tiao Xue Tang
Damp-Heat in the Stomach Epigastric pain, Upper abdominal pain, Upper abdominal fullness, Feeling of heaviness, Face pain, Congested nose, Thick nasal discharge, Dry mouth without desire to drink, Nausea, Feeling of heat, Dull yellow complexion, Sticky taste in the mouth... see more Lian Po Yin | Ge Hua Jie Cheng San
Phlegm-Heat in the Lungs Epigastric pain, Coughing, Shortness of breath, Wheezing, Stifling sensation in the chest, Sputum, Feeling of heat, Thirst, Head and body heaviness, Dizziness, Copious thick yellow sputum... see more Xiao Xian Xiong Tang
Stomach Heat or Fire Burning epigastric pain, Upper abdominal burning pain, Excessive thirst, Craving for cold beverages, Restlessness, Dry stools, Dry mouth, Mouth ulcers, Acid reflux, Nausea, Vomiting after eating, Excessive hunger, Bad breath, Feeling of heat, Acne... see more Tiao Wei Cheng Qi Tang | Fei Er Wan | Qing Wei San | Xie Huang San | Hua Ban Tang
Damp-Heat in the Lower Burner Lower abdominal pain, Scanty and yellow urine, Lower back pain, Weakness of lower extremities, Red and swollen feet, Swollen knee, Thick greasy vaginal secretions, Ulcers on the lower limbs, Scanty and dark urine, Painful urination, Dry mouth... see more Ba Zheng San
Heat and Blood Stagnation in the Lower Burner Lower abdominal pain, Nighttime fever, Incoherent or confused speech, Irritability, Restlessness, Thirst, Amenorrhea, Menstrual cramps, Uterine fibroids, Retained placenta, Prolonged lochia... see more Tao He Cheng Qi Tang
Liver Qi Stagnation that transforms into Heat Intermittent epigastric pain, Intermittent upper abdominal pain, Hernia-Related pain, Dysmenorrhea exacerbated by hot food or drinks, Irritability, Bitter taste in the mouth, Peptic ulcer, Chronic gastritis, Hepatitis, Cholecystitis... see more Jin Ling Zi San
Detailed description of the cause

Cold

In TCM "Cold" as a pattern of disharmony refers to a specific type of imbalance within the body's systems, often linked to a deficiency or weakness. It's not about feeling physically cold or having a common cold, but rather a metaphorical description of certain symptoms and underlying conditions. When a TCM practitioner says someone suffers from "Cold," it usually implies that the body's Yang energy, which is warm and active, is insufficient or overpowered by Yin energy, which is cool and passive. Symptoms of Cold in TCM can include a general feeling of coldness, cold limbs, pale complexion, low energy, slow metabolism, and a preference for warmth. ... see more

Cold Patterns That Can Lead to Abdominal Pain

Common Symptoms: Diarrhea Cold Extremities Chills Menstrual Cramps Dark Menstrual Clots Constipation Infertility Late Menstruation

Pattern Name Relevant Symptoms Relevant Formulas
Bright Yang Fire in Stomach and Intestines Abdominal pain, Afternoon fever, Excessive sweating, Sweating on limbs, Abdominal fullness, Constipation, Dry stools, Thirst, Dark urine, Anal burning, Irritability, Delirium... see more Tiao Wei Cheng Qi Tang | Xiao Cheng Qi Tang
Cold in the Uterus Abdominal pain, Lower abdominal pain, Diarrhea, Lack of appetite, Generalized fatigue, General weakness, Thin vaginal discharge... see more Shao Fu Zhu Yu Tang | Wen Jing Tang | Wen Qi Hua Shi Tang | Si Wu Tang | Da Ying Jian
Cold invading the Large Intestine Abdominal pain, Diarrhea, Chills, Abdominal cold sensation Liang Fu Wan | Tao Hua Tang
Damp-Cold Abdominal pain, Mouth ulcers, White and watery sputum, Nasal discharge, Sneezing, Chills, Cold extremities, Arthralgia, Diarrhea, Feeling of heaviness... see more Wei Ling Tang
Exterior Cold with Interior Dampness in Summer Abdominal pain, Chills with warm skin, Lack of sweating, Heavy sensation in the head, Headaches, Vomit, Diarrhea, Tight feeling in chest and stomach, Fatigued extremities, Nausea... see more Xiang Ru San
Large Intestine Cold Abdominal pain, Diarrhea, Borborygmi, Clear urination, Cold extremities Liang Fu Wan | Tao Hua Tang
Interior Cold abdominal pain relieved by presure and warmth, Postpartum abdominal pain, Abdominal cold sensation, Hernia-Related pain, Flank pain, Abdominal pain relieved by pressure and warmth... see more Dang Gui Sheng Jiang Yang Rou Tang | Wu Ji San | Chai Hu Gui Jiang Tang
Kidney and Spleen Yang Deficiency with Empty Cold abdominal pain relieved by presure and warmth, Chronic dysentery, Dark blood in stool, Mucous in feces, Abdominal pain relieved by pressure and warmth... see more Tao Hua Tang
Small Intestine Deficient and Cold Abdominal pain alleviated by pressure, Borborygmi, Abdominal pain relieved by pressure or eating, Craving for hot beverages, Diarrhea, Pale and abudant urination, Cold extremities... see more Shen Ling Bai Zhu San | Xiao Jian Zhong Tang
Cold invading the Stomach Severe epigastric pain, Severe upper abdominal pain, Chills, Cold extremities, Desire for hot beverages and foods, Vomiting clear liquid, Nausea, Feeling worse after drinking cold drinks... see more Liang Fu Wan | Wu Zhu Yu Tang | Huo Xiang Zheng Qi San
Exterior Cold invading the Interior Abdominal pain, Constipation, Hypochondriac pain, Chills, Low grade fever, Cold extremities, Sweating that doesn't reduce fever, Epigastric palpitations, Dizziness, Twitching, Unsteadiness... see more Da Huang Fu Zi Tang
Blood Stagnation in the Lower Burner caused by Cold Lower abdominal pain, Abdominal masses, Lower abdominal distension, Lower back pain, Abnormal uterine bleeding, Menstrual cramps, Dark menstrual clots... see more Shao Fu Zhu Yu Tang
Full Cold in the Directing and Penetraing Vessels Abdominal pain after childbirth, Menstrual cramps, Cold sensation in lower abdomen, Infertility, Late menstruation, Dark menstrual clots, Postpartum abdominal pain, Abnormal uterine bleeding, Uterine hypoplasia, Endometrial hyperplasia, Endometriosis... see more Wen Jing Tang
Detailed description of the cause

Blood Stasis

Blood Stasis in TCM is a concept where the blood flow in the body is not as smooth or efficient as it should be. Imagine a river that's supposed to flow freely, but instead, it's getting blocked or moving too slowly in some parts. This can lead to various health issues, like pain that feels sharp or stabbing, dark bruises, and a complexion that looks purplish. TCM believes that good health relies on the smooth and vibrant flow of Qi and blood throughout the body, so when blood gets stuck, it's like a traffic jam in your body, leading to discomfort or health problems.... see more

Blood Stasis Patterns That Can Lead to Abdominal Pain

Common Symptoms: Menstrual Cramps Amenorrhea Irregular Periods Abdominal Masses Dark Menstrual Clots Lower Abdominal Pain Dark Menstrual Blood Prolonged Lochia

Pattern Name Relevant Symptoms Relevant Formulas
Qi And Blood Stagnation Abdominal pain, Lower abdominal pain, Chest distension, Chest pain, Stabbing fixed pain, Dark face, Purple lips, Purple nails, Irritability, Mood swings, Depression, Mottled skin, Foot edema, Abdominal masses, Melena black tarry stool, Menstrual cramps, Amenorrhea, Dark menstrual clots, Dark menstrual blood, Prolonged lochia, Irregular periods... see more Ge Xia Zhu Yu Tang | Tao Hong Si Wu Tang | Shao Fu Zhu Yu Tang | Wu Yao Tang | Jia Wei Xiao Yao San | Wei Jing Tang | Wen Jing Tang | Gui Zhi Fu Ling Wan | Si Wu Tang | Xiao Yao San | Jin Ling Zi San
Blood Stagnation Abdominal pain, Dark face, Purple lips, Stabbing fixed pain, Abdominal masses, Purple nails, Menstrual cramps, Dark menstrual clots, Dark menstrual blood, Lumps... see more Ge Xia Zhu Yu Tang | Tao Hong Si Wu Tang | Shao Fu Zhu Yu Tang | Si Wu Tang | Shi Xiao San | Zhu Yu Zhi Xue Tang
Liver Blood Stagnation Abdominal pain, Hypochondriac pain, Vomiting blood, Nosebleeds, Menstrual cramps, Irregular periods, Dark menstrual clots, Infertility, Abdominal masses, Purple nails, Purple lips, Purple face, Skin dryness, Petechiae... see more Ge Xia Zhu Yu Tang | Shi Xiao San | Chai Hu Shu Gan San | Xiao Yao San
Stomach Blood Stagnation Epigastric pain, Nocturnal epigastric pain, Abdominal pain worsened by pressure, Nausea or vomiting, Potential vomiting of blood, Hematochezia... see more Xue Fu Zhu Yu Tang
Blood Stagnation and Phlegm in the Uterus Abdominal pain, Persistent uterine bleeding of purple or dark blood, Lower abdominal distension and pain that increases with pressure, Lower abdominal fibroids and cysts, Menstrual cramps, Irregular periods, Prolonged lochia, Infertility, Postpartum hemorrhage, Retained placenta, Cervical erosion... see more Gui Zhi Fu Ling Wan
Blood Stagnation in the Directing and Penetrating Vessels Lower abdominal pain, Umbilical pain, Irregular periods, Brown vaginal discharge, Dark menstrual clots, Menstrual cramps, Dark menstrual blood, Prolonged lochia, Breast engorgement, Breast pain, Anxiety, Irritability... see more Gui Zhi Fu Ling Wan
Blood Stagnation in the Lower Burner caused by Cold Lower abdominal pain, Abdominal masses, Lower abdominal distension, Lower back pain, Abnormal uterine bleeding, Menstrual cramps, Dark menstrual clots... see more Shao Fu Zhu Yu Tang
Blood Deficiency and Stagnation Lower abdominal pain, Dizziness, Blurry vision, Lackluster complexion and nails, Muscle tension, Insomnia, Palpitations, Poor constitution, Irregular periods, Amenorrhea, Muscle contractions... see more Tao Hong Si Wu Tang | Si Wu Tang
Heat and Blood Stagnation in the Lower Burner Lower abdominal pain, Nighttime fever, Incoherent or confused speech, Irritability, Restlessness, Thirst, Amenorrhea, Menstrual cramps, Uterine fibroids, Retained placenta, Prolonged lochia... see more Tao He Cheng Qi Tang
Detailed description of the cause

Qi Stagnation

Qi Stagnation in TCM is like having a traffic jam in your body's energy system. Qi, the vital life force that flows through your body, is supposed to move smoothly to maintain health and balance. But with Qi Stagnation, this flow gets blocked or slowed down, like cars stuck on a highway. This can lead to symptoms like feeling stressed, emotional mood swings, and physical discomfort, often described as a feeling of fullness or tightness, especially in the chest or abdomen. It's as though the body's internal energy circulation is disrupted, causing various issues. TCM sees this as an energy flow problem, different from modern medicine's focus on specific physiological processes.... see more

Qi Stagnation Patterns That Can Lead to Abdominal Pain

Common Symptoms: Irritability Mood Swings Depression Irregular Periods Breast Engorgement Abdominal Distention Menstrual Cramps Dark Menstrual Blood

Pattern Name Relevant Symptoms Relevant Formulas
Qi And Blood Stagnation Abdominal pain, Lower abdominal pain, Chest distension, Chest pain, Stabbing fixed pain, Dark face, Purple lips, Purple nails, Irritability, Mood swings, Depression, Mottled skin, Foot edema, Abdominal masses, Melena black tarry stool, Menstrual cramps, Amenorrhea, Dark menstrual clots, Dark menstrual blood, Prolonged lochia, Irregular periods... see more Ge Xia Zhu Yu Tang | Tao Hong Si Wu Tang | Shao Fu Zhu Yu Tang | Wu Yao Tang | Jia Wei Xiao Yao San | Wei Jing Tang | Wen Jing Tang | Gui Zhi Fu Ling Wan | Si Wu Tang | Xiao Yao San | Jin Ling Zi San
Large Intestine Qi Stagnation Abdominal pain, Abdominal distention, Constipation, Anxiety, Bitty stools Chai Hu Shu Gan San
Qi Stagnation Abdominal pain, General fullness, Moving pain, Depression, Irritability, Mood swings, Sighing Wu Yao Tang | Chai Hu Shu Gan San | Xiao Yao San
Liver Qi Stagnation Abdominal pain, Lower abdominal pain, Epigastic pain, Hypochondriac distention, Chest distension, Upper abdominal distension, Abdominal distention, Sighing, Melancholia, Depression, Mood swings, Irregular periods, Globus sensation, Pre menstrual breast distension, Pre menstrual tension, Anxiety, Anger... see more Wu Yao Tang | Jia Wei Xiao Yao San | Chai Hu Shu Gan San | Xiao Yao San | Yue Ju Wan | Yi Guan Jian
Stagnant Liver Qi turning into Fire Abdominal pain, Hypochondriac distention, Upper abdominal distension, Stifling sensation in the chest, Irritability, Melancholia, Depression, Mood swings, Globus sensation, Feeling of heat, Flushed face, Thirst, Anger, Pre menstrual tension, Irregular periods, Pre menstrual breast distension, Excessive menstruation... see more Jia Wei Xiao Yao San | Xuan Yu Tong Jing Tang
Stomach Qi Stagnation Epigastric pain, Upper abdominal pain, Upper abdominal distension, Belching, Nausea, Vomit, Hiccups, Irritability... see more Ban Xia Hou Pu Tang | Zuo Jin Wan
Small Intestine Qi Pain Abdominal pain relieved by flatulence, Lower abdominal twisting pain, Abdominal distention, Abdominal pain worsened by pressure, Borborygmi, Excessive gas and flatulence, Testicular pain... see more Chai Hu Shu Gan San
Liver Qi Stagnation that transforms into Heat Intermittent epigastric pain, Intermittent upper abdominal pain, Hernia-Related pain, Dysmenorrhea exacerbated by hot food or drinks, Irritability, Bitter taste in the mouth, Peptic ulcer, Chronic gastritis, Hepatitis, Cholecystitis... see more Jin Ling Zi San
Detailed description of the cause

Dampness

"Dampness" in TCM is a concept that describes a pattern of disharmony where the body accumulates excess moisture. Imagine the heavy, sticky feeling you get on a very humid day; that's similar to what dampness feels like internally. It can manifest as a sense of heaviness, bloating, sluggishness, or even a foggy mind. This condition is often thought to arise from environmental factors like living in a damp place, dietary habits that promote moisture in the body, or internal imbalances that hinder the body's ability to process fluids properly. In TCM, dampness can obstruct the normal flow of energy and fluids in the body, leading to various symptoms.... see more

Dampness Patterns That Can Lead to Abdominal Pain

Common Symptoms: Feeling Of Heaviness Diarrhea Feeling Of Heat Scanty And Dark Urine Fever Tight Feeling In Chest And Stomach Nausea Lower Abdominal Pain

Pattern Name Relevant Symptoms Relevant Formulas
Damp-Heat invading the Spleen Abdominal and epigastric pain, Lack of appetite, Feeling of heaviness, Dry mouth without desire to drink, Nausea or vomiting, Malodorous diarrhea, Anal burning, Feeling of heat, Scanty and dark urine, Low grade fever, Dull headache, Dull yellow complexion, Yellow sclera, Oily sweat, Itchy rashes, Bitter taste in the mouth, Upper abdominal fullness, Upper abdominal pain... see more Lian Po Yin
Damp-Cold Abdominal pain, Mouth ulcers, White and watery sputum, Nasal discharge, Sneezing, Chills, Cold extremities, Arthralgia, Diarrhea, Feeling of heaviness... see more Wei Ling Tang
Damp-Heat in the Large Intestine Abdominal pain, Abdominal fullness, Diarrhea, Hematochezia, Mucous in feces, Smelly stools, Anal burning, Scanty and dark urine, Fever, Excessive sweating, Feeling of heat, Thirst, Feeling of heaviness... see more Ge Geng Huang Qin Huang Lian Tang | Shao Yao Tang
Exterior Cold with Interior Dampness in Summer Abdominal pain, Chills with warm skin, Lack of sweating, Heavy sensation in the head, Headaches, Vomit, Diarrhea, Tight feeling in chest and stomach, Fatigued extremities, Nausea... see more Xiang Ru San
Damp-Phlegm in the Uterus Lower abdominal pain, Late menstruation, Amenorrhea, Scanty menstruation, Abdominal heaviness, Stifling sensation in the chest, Generalized fatigue, Diarrhea, Dull pale complexion, Obesity, Infertility, Ovarian cysts, Ovarian fibroids, Polycystic ovary syndrome, Pseudocyesis, Sputum, Feeling of heaviness... see more Wei Ling Tang | Cang Fu Dao Tan Wan | Wan Dai Tang | Xiong Gui Er Chen Tang
Damp-Heat Lower abdominal pain, Fever, Neck gland swelling, Headaches, Tight feeling in chest and stomach, Sticky taste in the mouth, Absence of thirst, Feeling of heat, Feeling of heaviness, Bitter taste in the mouth, Acne... see more Xiao Yao San | Er Miao San | Qing Re Tiao Xue Tang
Damp-Heat in the Stomach Epigastric pain, Upper abdominal pain, Upper abdominal fullness, Feeling of heaviness, Face pain, Congested nose, Thick nasal discharge, Dry mouth without desire to drink, Nausea, Feeling of heat, Dull yellow complexion, Sticky taste in the mouth... see more Lian Po Yin | Ge Hua Jie Cheng San
Damp-Heat in the Lower Burner Lower abdominal pain, Scanty and yellow urine, Lower back pain, Weakness of lower extremities, Red and swollen feet, Swollen knee, Thick greasy vaginal secretions, Ulcers on the lower limbs, Scanty and dark urine, Painful urination, Dry mouth... see more Ba Zheng San
Detailed description of the cause

Yang Deficiency

Yang deficiency in TCM refers to a state where the body's Yang energy, which is responsible for warmth, activity, and function, is weakened or diminished. This pattern of disharmony often arises from chronic illness, aging, or inherent constitutional weakness. Symptoms of Yang deficiency are typically associated with cold and sluggishness, such as a feeling of coldness, cold extremities, pale complexion, low energy or fatigue, and a desire for warmth. Digestive issues like poor appetite, loose stools, and water retention can also be indicative of Yang deficiency.... see more

Yang Deficiency Patterns That Can Lead to Abdominal Pain

Common Symptoms: Generalized Fatigue Chills Diarrhea Cold Extremities Edema Pale Face General Weakness Frequent Urination

Pattern Name Relevant Symptoms Relevant Formulas
Kidney Yang Deficiency Abdominal pain, Lower back pain, Dizziness, Tinnitus, Weak and cold knees, Lower back coldness, Chills, Weak legs, Bright pale face, Generalized fatigue, General weakness, Leg edema, Female infertility, Diarrhea, Depression, Erectile dysfunction, Premature ejaculation, Oligospermia, Low sex drive, Pale and abudant urination, Constipation... see more Ba Wei Di Huang Wan | You Gui Wan | Er Xian Tang | Shen Qi Wan | Wu Zi Yan Zong Wan | Tu Si Zi Wan | Ji Chuan Jian
Kidney and Spleen Yang Deficiency with Empty Cold abdominal pain relieved by presure and warmth, Chronic dysentery, Dark blood in stool, Mucous in feces, Abdominal pain relieved by pressure and warmth... see more Tao Hua Tang
Yang Deficiency or Empty Yang abdominal pain relieved by presure and warmth, Chills, General cold feeling, Pale urine, Undigested food in stools, General weakness, Abdominal pain relieved by pressure and warmth, Frequent urination, Polyuria, Nocturia, White vaginal discharge... see more Ba Wei Di Huang Wan | You Gui Wan | Ban Liu Wan
Spleen Yang Deficiency Abdominal pain and distension relieved by pressure and warmth, Slight abdominal distension after eating, General weakness, Desire to lie down curled up, Pale face, Cold extremities, Chills, Undigested food in stools, Excessive gas and flatulence, Bloated abdomen, Abdominal pain relieved by pressure and warmth, Dull shallow face... see more Zhen Wu Tang | Bu Zhong Yi Qi Tang | Yi Huang Tang | Huang Tu Tang | Wen Pi Tang
Stomach Yang Deficient and Cold Epigastric pain relieved with pressure or eating, Lack of appetite, Desire for hot beverages and foods, Vomiting clear liquid, Absence of thirst, Weak limbs, Cold extremities, Generalized fatigue, Pale face... see more Xiang Sha Yang Wei Wan | Xiao Jian Zhong Tang | Huang Qi Jian Zhong Tang | Wu Zhu Yu Tang
Spleen or Kidney Yang Deficiency Abdominal pain that worsens with cold, Urinary dysfunction, Deep pain and heaviness in limbs, Dizziness, Heavy sensation in the head, Edema, Diarrhea, Palpitations, Coughing, Vomit, Congestive heart failure... see more Zhen Wu Tang
Detailed description of the cause

Phlegm

In TCM "Phlegm" as a pattern of disharmony is a complex concept that extends beyond the physical manifestation of mucus. It represents a pathological factor that can disrupt the flow of Qi (vital energy) and blood, leading to various health issues. Phlegm in TCM is seen as a sticky, turbid substance arising from the body's inability to metabolize fluids properly, often due to a dysfunction of the spleen. It's not only associated with respiratory problems like cough and congestion but also with systemic issues. Symptoms can include a feeling of heaviness, mental cloudiness, dizziness, and in some cases, the formation of lumps or masses. Phlegm can even be "invisible," contributing to emotional disturbances like depression or stress. ... see more

Phlegm Patterns That Can Lead to Abdominal Pain

Common Symptoms: Upper Abdominal Pain Infertility Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Amenorrhea Stifling Sensation In The Chest Sputum Chest Distension Dizziness

Pattern Name Relevant Symptoms Relevant Formulas
Phlegm in Kidneys or Gallbladder Abdomen pain, Epigastric pain, Frequent and urgent urination, Urinary dysfunction, Hematuria Si Ni San | Pai Shi Tang
Damp-Phlegm in the Uterus Lower abdominal pain, Late menstruation, Amenorrhea, Scanty menstruation, Abdominal heaviness, Stifling sensation in the chest, Generalized fatigue, Diarrhea, Dull pale complexion, Obesity, Infertility, Ovarian cysts, Ovarian fibroids, Polycystic ovary syndrome, Pseudocyesis, Sputum, Feeling of heaviness... see more Wei Ling Tang | Cang Fu Dao Tan Wan | Wan Dai Tang | Xiong Gui Er Chen Tang
Phlegm-Heat in the Lungs Epigastric pain, Coughing, Shortness of breath, Wheezing, Stifling sensation in the chest, Sputum, Feeling of heat, Thirst, Head and body heaviness, Dizziness, Copious thick yellow sputum... see more Xiao Xian Xiong Tang
Blood Stagnation and Phlegm in the Uterus Abdominal pain, Persistent uterine bleeding of purple or dark blood, Lower abdominal distension and pain that increases with pressure, Lower abdominal fibroids and cysts, Menstrual cramps, Irregular periods, Prolonged lochia, Infertility, Postpartum hemorrhage, Retained placenta, Cervical erosion... see more Gui Zhi Fu Ling Wan
Detailed description of the cause

Blood Deficiency

Blood Deficiency in TCM is like when your body's tank runs low on the vital energy that blood provides. It's not exactly the same as anemia in modern medicine, which is about having too few red blood cells. Instead, Blood Deficiency in TCM is about your body not having enough of the life-giving qualities that blood brings, like nourishment and moisture. This can make you feel tired, look pale, and even feel dizzy or have blurry vision. It's like a garden not getting enough water to stay lush and vibrant. TCM sees this as an imbalance where the body isn't being nourished as it should be, impacting overall health and well-being.... see more

Blood Deficiency Patterns That Can Lead to Abdominal Pain

Common Symptoms: Dizziness Scanty Menstruation Amenorrhea Insomnia Blurry Vision Palpitations Lower Abdominal Pain Pale Lips

Pattern Name Relevant Symptoms Relevant Formulas
Blood Deficiency Lower abdominal pain, Dizziness, Scanty menstruation, Amenorrhea, Dull shallow face, Pale lips, Poor memory, Insomnia... see more Si Wu Tang | Ren Shen Yang Rong Tang | Da Bu Yuan Jian | Liu Wei Di Huang Wan | Gui Pi Tang
Qi and Blood Deficiency Lower abdominal pain, General weakness, Generalized fatigue, Weak voice, Pale face, Shortness of breath, Palpitations, Dizziness, Poor memory, Insomnia, Reluctance to speak, Lack of appetite, Limb numbness, Skin numbness... see more Sheng Yu Tang
Blood Deficiency and Stagnation Lower abdominal pain, Dizziness, Blurry vision, Lackluster complexion and nails, Muscle tension, Insomnia, Palpitations, Poor constitution, Irregular periods, Amenorrhea, Muscle contractions... see more Tao Hong Si Wu Tang | Si Wu Tang
Detailed description of the cause

Qi Deficiency

Qi Deficiency in TCM is like running low on battery power. Qi is the vital energy that powers every function in your body. When there's a Qi Deficiency, it means your body doesn't have enough of this essential energy. This can make you feel tired all the time, weak, or even cause shortness of breath. It's similar to how you feel when you haven't had enough sleep or nutritious food. Your body just doesn't have the energy it needs to perform at its best. Unlike modern medicine, which often focuses on specific physical causes for fatigue and weakness, TCM views Qi Deficiency as an overall energy depletion that affects your entire well-being, and it seeks to replenish and balance this vital energy.... see more

Qi Deficiency Patterns That Can Lead to Abdominal Pain

Common Symptoms: Generalized Fatigue Weak Voice Pale Face Lack Of Appetite Abnormal Uterine Bleeding Diarrhea General Weakness Shortness Of Breath

Pattern Name Relevant Symptoms Relevant Formulas
Qi and Blood Deficiency Lower abdominal pain, General weakness, Generalized fatigue, Weak voice, Pale face, Shortness of breath, Palpitations, Dizziness, Poor memory, Insomnia, Reluctance to speak, Lack of appetite, Limb numbness, Skin numbness... see more Sheng Yu Tang
Spleen Qi Deficiency Slight abdominal pain, Slight abdominal distension after eating, General weakness, Desire to lie down, Excessive gas and flatulence, Bloated abdomen, Dyspepsia, Swollen complexion, Obesity... see more Liu Jun Zi Tang | Si Jun Zi Tang | Fei Er Wan
Spleen and Stomach Qi Deficiency Lower abdominal pain, Dizziness, Unsteadiness, Blurry vision, Deafness, Tinnitus, Shortness of breath, Weak voice, Pale face, Lack of appetite, Diarrhea... see more Xiang Sha Liu Jun Zi Tang
Detailed description of the cause

Qi Rebellion

Rebellious Qi in TCM is a bit like having a rebel inside your body. Qi, which is the vital energy flowing through your body, is supposed to move in certain directions to keep everything in balance and working well. But with Rebellious Qi, this energy decides to go the opposite way. Think of it like a river flowing upstream instead of downstream. This can cause various issues like heartburn, coughing, or even headaches. It's as if the body's natural flow is disrupted, creating a kind of internal chaos. TCM focuses on correcting this flow, restoring order and balance.... see more

Qi Rebellion Patterns That Can Lead to Abdominal Pain

Common Symptoms: Irritability Abdominal Distention Alternating Diarrhea And Constipation Dry Stools Excessive Gas And Flatulence Generalized Fatigue Upper Abdominal Pain Upper Abdominal Distension

Pattern Name Relevant Symptoms Relevant Formulas
Rebellious Liver Qi invading the Spleen Abdominal pain, Irritability, Abdominal distention, Alternating diarrhea and constipation, Dry stools, Excessive gas and flatulence, Generalized fatigue... see more Xiao Yao San | Tong Xie Yao Fang
Rebellious Liver Qi invading the Stomach Epigastric pain, Irritability, Upper abdominal pain, Upper abdominal distension, Hypochondriac pain, Hypochondriac distention, Upper abdominal oppression, Acid reflux, Hiccups, Belching, Nausea or vomiting, Sighing, Weak limbs... see more Xuan Fu Dai Zhe Tang | Ban Xia Hou Pu Tang | Si Mo Tang | Ju Pi Zhu Ru Tang | Ding Xiang Shi Di Tang
Detailed description of the cause

Yin Deficiency

Yin deficiency in TCM is a pattern of disharmony characterized by a depletion of the body's Yin energy, which represents the cooling, moistening, and nurturing aspects of our physiology. This condition often arises from factors like chronic stress, overwork, insufficient rest, or prolonged illness. Symptoms of Yin deficiency can include a sensation of heat, especially in the afternoon or evening, night sweats, insomnia, a dry mouth or throat, and a red tongue with little coating. There might also be a general feeling of restlessness or irritability. Since Yin is essential for balancing the body's active and warm Yang energy, its deficiency leads to a relative excess of Yang, manifesting as heat or dryness symptoms.... see more

Yin Deficiency Patterns That Can Lead to Abdominal Pain

Pattern Name Relevant Symptoms Relevant Formulas
Stomach Yin Deficiency Epigastric pain, Epigastic pain, Lack of appetite, Preference for sipping, Slight abdominal distension after eating... see more Mai Men Dong Tang | Yi Wei Tang | Shen Ling Bai Zhu San
Detailed description of the cause

Yin Excess

Yin Excess in TCM is a pattern of disharmony characterized by an overabundance of Yin energy, leading to symptoms of dampness and coldness in the body. This condition often results from an imbalance where the cooling, moistening aspects of Yin overshadow the warm, active qualities of Yang energy. Symptoms can include a feeling of heaviness, lethargy, cold sensations, pale complexion, and possibly edema or fluid retention. Digestive issues such as poor appetite, bloating, and loose stools may also be present, reflecting the impact of excess Yin on the body's metabolic processes. Treatment in TCM for Yin Excess focuses on reducing the excess Yin and stimulating Yang energy to restore balance. ... see more

Yin Excess Patterns That Can Lead to Abdominal Pain

Pattern Name Relevant Symptoms Relevant Formulas
Yin Excess Epigastric pain worsen by pressure, Absence of thirst, Slow and forceful movement, Polyuria, Feeling of chest oppression, Nausea, Excessive vaginal discharge, Lack of appetite, Pain relieved by heat, Chills, Cold extremities, Pale urine... see more Wu Ling San | Wu Pi Yin
Detailed description of the cause

Wind

In TCM "Wind" is a concept that represents a pattern of disharmony, often characterized by its sudden and unpredictable nature, much like a gusty wind changing direction without warning. This pattern is associated with symptoms that come and go quickly or move around the body, such as itching, tremors, or even certain types of pain. Wind is considered to be a primary cause of illnesses that have these rapidly changing characteristics. In TCM, external Wind often refers to illnesses that start suddenly, like the common cold, believed to be caused by external pathogenic factors like climatic changes. On the other hand, internal Wind can be linked to internal imbalances and can manifest in conditions like dizziness or spasms. ... see more

Wind Patterns That Can Lead to Abdominal Pain

Pattern Name Relevant Symptoms Relevant Formulas
Bright Yang Fire in Stomach and Intestines Abdominal pain, Afternoon fever, Excessive sweating, Sweating on limbs, Abdominal fullness, Constipation, Dry stools, Thirst, Dark urine, Anal burning, Irritability, Delirium... see more Tiao Wei Cheng Qi Tang | Xiao Cheng Qi Tang
Detailed description of the cause

Stomach

In TCM the Stomach is regarded as the "sea of nourishment," pivotal for digesting food and transforming it into Qi and blood. It works closely with the Spleen to distribute these essential nutrients throughout the body. When the Stomach is out of balance or malfunctions in TCM, it often leads to digestive problems such as bloating, nausea, vomiting, poor appetite, or a feeling of fullness. There may also be issues like acid reflux or a sour taste in the mouth. Emotionally, an imbalanced Stomach can contribute to excessive worry and overthinking, reflecting the TCM belief that physical and emotional well-being are deeply interconnected.... see more

Stomach Patterns That Can Lead to Abdominal Pain

Common Symptoms: Nausea Upper Abdominal Pain Irritability Lack Of Appetite Belching Constipation Dry Stools Vomit

Pattern Name Relevant Symptoms Relevant Formulas
Bright Yang Fire in Stomach and Intestines Abdominal pain, Afternoon fever, Excessive sweating, Sweating on limbs, Abdominal fullness, Constipation, Dry stools, Thirst, Dark urine, Anal burning, Irritability, Delirium... see more Tiao Wei Cheng Qi Tang | Xiao Cheng Qi Tang
Damp-Heat in the Stomach Epigastric pain, Upper abdominal pain, Upper abdominal fullness, Feeling of heaviness, Face pain, Congested nose, Thick nasal discharge, Dry mouth without desire to drink, Nausea, Feeling of heat, Dull yellow complexion, Sticky taste in the mouth... see more Lian Po Yin | Ge Hua Jie Cheng San
Rebellious Liver Qi invading the Stomach Epigastric pain, Irritability, Upper abdominal pain, Upper abdominal distension, Hypochondriac pain, Hypochondriac distention, Upper abdominal oppression, Acid reflux, Hiccups, Belching, Nausea or vomiting, Sighing, Weak limbs... see more Xuan Fu Dai Zhe Tang | Ban Xia Hou Pu Tang | Si Mo Tang | Ju Pi Zhu Ru Tang | Ding Xiang Shi Di Tang
Stomach Qi Stagnation Epigastric pain, Upper abdominal pain, Upper abdominal distension, Belching, Nausea, Vomit, Hiccups, Irritability... see more Ban Xia Hou Pu Tang | Zuo Jin Wan
Stomach Yin Deficiency Epigastric pain, Epigastic pain, Lack of appetite, Preference for sipping, Slight abdominal distension after eating... see more Mai Men Dong Tang | Yi Wei Tang | Shen Ling Bai Zhu San
Stomach Blood Stagnation Epigastric pain, Nocturnal epigastric pain, Abdominal pain worsened by pressure, Nausea or vomiting, Potential vomiting of blood, Hematochezia... see more Xue Fu Zhu Yu Tang
Stomach Yang Deficient and Cold Epigastric pain relieved with pressure or eating, Lack of appetite, Desire for hot beverages and foods, Vomiting clear liquid, Absence of thirst, Weak limbs, Cold extremities, Generalized fatigue, Pale face... see more Xiang Sha Yang Wei Wan | Xiao Jian Zhong Tang | Huang Qi Jian Zhong Tang | Wu Zhu Yu Tang
Food Stagnation in the Stomach Abdominal pain due to overeating, Fullness and pain of the epigastrium which are relieved by vomiting, Epigastric fullness and pain relieved by vomiting, Nausea, Vomiting of sour fluids, Bad breath, Acid reflux, Belching, Insomnia, Alternating diarrhea and constipation, Lack of appetite... see more Bao He Wan | Zhi Shi Dao Zhi Wan | Gua Di San
Stomach Heat or Fire Burning epigastric pain, Upper abdominal burning pain, Excessive thirst, Craving for cold beverages, Restlessness, Dry stools, Dry mouth, Mouth ulcers, Acid reflux, Nausea, Vomiting after eating, Excessive hunger, Bad breath, Feeling of heat, Acne... see more Tiao Wei Cheng Qi Tang | Fei Er Wan | Qing Wei San | Xie Huang San | Hua Ban Tang
Cold invading the Stomach Severe epigastric pain, Severe upper abdominal pain, Chills, Cold extremities, Desire for hot beverages and foods, Vomiting clear liquid, Nausea, Feeling worse after drinking cold drinks... see more Liang Fu Wan | Wu Zhu Yu Tang | Huo Xiang Zheng Qi San
Spleen and Stomach Qi Deficiency Lower abdominal pain, Dizziness, Unsteadiness, Blurry vision, Deafness, Tinnitus, Shortness of breath, Weak voice, Pale face, Lack of appetite, Diarrhea... see more Xiang Sha Liu Jun Zi Tang
Detailed description of the cause

Spleen

In TCM the Spleen plays a vital role in digestion and transformation, converting food into energy and nutrients, and overseeing the distribution of Qi and Blood. It's also crucial in maintaining the health of muscles and limbs and ensuring the blood remains within the vessels. When the Spleen malfunctions in TCM, it can lead to a variety of issues such as digestive disorders, fatigue, weak muscles, bloating, and a feeling of heaviness. It can also cause a pale complexion, poor appetite, and a tendency to bruise easily. Emotionally, a Spleen imbalance is often associated with excessive worry or overthinking, reflecting its role in the interplay between physical and mental health.... see more

Spleen Patterns That Can Lead to Abdominal Pain

Common Symptoms: Lack Of Appetite Diarrhea Generalized Fatigue Pale Face Hypertension Dizziness Tinnitus Weak Voice

Pattern Name Relevant Symptoms Relevant Formulas
Damp-Heat invading the Spleen Abdominal and epigastric pain, Lack of appetite, Feeling of heaviness, Dry mouth without desire to drink, Nausea or vomiting, Malodorous diarrhea, Anal burning, Feeling of heat, Scanty and dark urine, Low grade fever, Dull headache, Dull yellow complexion, Yellow sclera, Oily sweat, Itchy rashes, Bitter taste in the mouth, Upper abdominal fullness, Upper abdominal pain... see more Lian Po Yin
Spleen Qi Deficiency Slight abdominal pain, Slight abdominal distension after eating, General weakness, Desire to lie down, Excessive gas and flatulence, Bloated abdomen, Dyspepsia, Swollen complexion, Obesity... see more Liu Jun Zi Tang | Si Jun Zi Tang | Fei Er Wan
Kidney and Spleen Yang Deficiency with Empty Cold abdominal pain relieved by presure and warmth, Chronic dysentery, Dark blood in stool, Mucous in feces, Abdominal pain relieved by pressure and warmth... see more Tao Hua Tang
Spleen Yang Deficiency Abdominal pain and distension relieved by pressure and warmth, Slight abdominal distension after eating, General weakness, Desire to lie down curled up, Pale face, Cold extremities, Chills, Undigested food in stools, Excessive gas and flatulence, Bloated abdomen, Abdominal pain relieved by pressure and warmth, Dull shallow face... see more Zhen Wu Tang | Bu Zhong Yi Qi Tang | Yi Huang Tang | Huang Tu Tang | Wen Pi Tang
Spleen and Stomach Qi Deficiency Lower abdominal pain, Dizziness, Unsteadiness, Blurry vision, Deafness, Tinnitus, Shortness of breath, Weak voice, Pale face, Lack of appetite, Diarrhea... see more Xiang Sha Liu Jun Zi Tang
Spleen or Kidney Yang Deficiency Abdominal pain that worsens with cold, Urinary dysfunction, Deep pain and heaviness in limbs, Dizziness, Heavy sensation in the head, Edema, Diarrhea, Palpitations, Coughing, Vomit, Congestive heart failure... see more Zhen Wu Tang
Detailed description of the cause

Liver

In TCM the Liver is viewed as the organ responsible for the smooth flow of Qi, Blood, and emotions throughout the body. It plays a key role in regulating mood, storing blood, supporting digestion, and ensuring the health of tendons and eyes. When the Liver malfunctions or is imbalanced in TCM, it can lead to a range of issues such as irritability, mood swings, menstrual irregularities, eye problems, and muscular stiffness or pain. A malfunctioning Liver in TCM reflects not only physical disturbances but also emotional and mental disharmony, emphasizing the holistic approach of TCM in addressing health and wellness.... see more

Liver Patterns That Can Lead to Abdominal Pain

Common Symptoms: Irritability Hypochondriac Pain Menstrual Cramps Irregular Periods Dark Menstrual Blood Hypochondriac Distention Upper Abdominal Distension Abdominal Distention

Pattern Name Relevant Symptoms Relevant Formulas
Liver Blood Stagnation Abdominal pain, Hypochondriac pain, Vomiting blood, Nosebleeds, Menstrual cramps, Irregular periods, Dark menstrual clots, Infertility, Abdominal masses, Purple nails, Purple lips, Purple face, Skin dryness, Petechiae... see more Ge Xia Zhu Yu Tang | Shi Xiao San | Chai Hu Shu Gan San | Xiao Yao San
Liver Qi Stagnation Abdominal pain, Lower abdominal pain, Epigastic pain, Hypochondriac distention, Chest distension, Upper abdominal distension, Abdominal distention, Sighing, Melancholia, Depression, Mood swings, Irregular periods, Globus sensation, Pre menstrual breast distension, Pre menstrual tension, Anxiety, Anger... see more Wu Yao Tang | Jia Wei Xiao Yao San | Chai Hu Shu Gan San | Xiao Yao San | Yue Ju Wan | Yi Guan Jian
Stagnant Liver Qi turning into Fire Abdominal pain, Hypochondriac distention, Upper abdominal distension, Stifling sensation in the chest, Irritability, Melancholia, Depression, Mood swings, Globus sensation, Feeling of heat, Flushed face, Thirst, Anger, Pre menstrual tension, Irregular periods, Pre menstrual breast distension, Excessive menstruation... see more Jia Wei Xiao Yao San | Xuan Yu Tong Jing Tang
Rebellious Liver Qi invading the Spleen Abdominal pain, Irritability, Abdominal distention, Alternating diarrhea and constipation, Dry stools, Excessive gas and flatulence, Generalized fatigue... see more Xiao Yao San | Tong Xie Yao Fang
Rebellious Liver Qi invading the Stomach Epigastric pain, Irritability, Upper abdominal pain, Upper abdominal distension, Hypochondriac pain, Hypochondriac distention, Upper abdominal oppression, Acid reflux, Hiccups, Belching, Nausea or vomiting, Sighing, Weak limbs... see more Xuan Fu Dai Zhe Tang | Ban Xia Hou Pu Tang | Si Mo Tang | Ju Pi Zhu Ru Tang | Ding Xiang Shi Di Tang
Liver Qi Stagnation that transforms into Heat Intermittent epigastric pain, Intermittent upper abdominal pain, Hernia-Related pain, Dysmenorrhea exacerbated by hot food or drinks, Irritability, Bitter taste in the mouth, Peptic ulcer, Chronic gastritis, Hepatitis, Cholecystitis... see more Jin Ling Zi San
Detailed description of the cause

Kidney

In TCM the Kidneys are regarded as the body's most fundamental reservoir of Essence, known as Jing, which influences growth, reproduction, and aging. They are not just organs for filtering blood, but a holistic system governing vital life forces. When the Kidneys malfunction in TCM, it can manifest as a variety of health issues, such as chronic fatigue, reproductive problems, imbalances in fluid metabolism leading to edema or dryness, lower back pain, and a sense of fear or insecurity.... see more

Kidney Patterns That Can Lead to Abdominal Pain

Common Symptoms: Urinary Dysfunction Back Pain Kidney Stones Dizziness Tinnitus Chills Generalized Fatigue Diarrhea

Pattern Name Relevant Symptoms Relevant Formulas
Phlegm in Kidneys or Gallbladder Abdomen pain, Epigastric pain, Frequent and urgent urination, Urinary dysfunction, Hematuria Si Ni San | Pai Shi Tang
Kidney Yang Deficiency Abdominal pain, Lower back pain, Dizziness, Tinnitus, Weak and cold knees, Lower back coldness, Chills, Weak legs, Bright pale face, Generalized fatigue, General weakness, Leg edema, Female infertility, Diarrhea, Depression, Erectile dysfunction, Premature ejaculation, Oligospermia, Low sex drive, Pale and abudant urination, Constipation... see more Ba Wei Di Huang Wan | You Gui Wan | Er Xian Tang | Shen Qi Wan | Wu Zi Yan Zong Wan | Tu Si Zi Wan | Ji Chuan Jian
Kidney and Spleen Yang Deficiency with Empty Cold abdominal pain relieved by presure and warmth, Chronic dysentery, Dark blood in stool, Mucous in feces, Abdominal pain relieved by pressure and warmth... see more Tao Hua Tang
Spleen or Kidney Yang Deficiency Abdominal pain that worsens with cold, Urinary dysfunction, Deep pain and heaviness in limbs, Dizziness, Heavy sensation in the head, Edema, Diarrhea, Palpitations, Coughing, Vomit, Congestive heart failure... see more Zhen Wu Tang
Detailed description of the cause

Small Intestine

In TCM the Small Intestine plays a critical role in receiving partially digested food from the Stomach and further separating the clear from the turbid, essentially distinguishing nutrients from waste. This process is vital for proper absorption and assimilation of food. The Small Intestine is also associated with clarity of judgment and decision-making. When it malfunctions or is imbalanced in TCM, it can lead to digestive issues such as abdominal pain, bloating, poor appetite, or irregular bowel movements. Additionally, a malfunctioning Small Intestine may manifest as mental confusion or difficulty in making decisions, reflecting its role in discernment and clarity in both physical and mental realms. ... see more

Small Intestine Patterns That Can Lead to Abdominal Pain

Common Symptoms: Borborygmi Afternoon Fever Excessive Sweating Sweating On Limbs Abdominal Fullness Constipation Dry Stools Thirst

Pattern Name Relevant Symptoms Relevant Formulas
Bright Yang Fire in Stomach and Intestines Abdominal pain, Afternoon fever, Excessive sweating, Sweating on limbs, Abdominal fullness, Constipation, Dry stools, Thirst, Dark urine, Anal burning, Irritability, Delirium... see more Tiao Wei Cheng Qi Tang | Xiao Cheng Qi Tang
Full-Heat in the Small Intestine Abdominal pain, Restlessness, Insomnia, Tongue ulcers, Mouth ulcers, Throat pain, Deafness, Cardiac burning sensation, Craving for cold beverages, Scanty and dark urine, Hematuria, Urinary burning... see more Dao Chi San
Small Intestine Deficient and Cold Abdominal pain alleviated by pressure, Borborygmi, Abdominal pain relieved by pressure or eating, Craving for hot beverages, Diarrhea, Pale and abudant urination, Cold extremities... see more Shen Ling Bai Zhu San | Xiao Jian Zhong Tang
Small Intestine Qi Pain Abdominal pain relieved by flatulence, Lower abdominal twisting pain, Abdominal distention, Abdominal pain worsened by pressure, Borborygmi, Excessive gas and flatulence, Testicular pain... see more Chai Hu Shu Gan San
Detailed description of the cause

Large Intestine

In TCM the Large Intestine is primarily seen as responsible for the absorption of fluids and the excretion of waste. It is closely related to the Lung in terms of energy flow and function, reflecting the interconnectedness of organ systems in TCM. When the Large Intestine malfunctions, it can lead to issues such as constipation or diarrhea, abdominal pain, and an inability to let go of emotional waste, like holding onto grief or stress. This is in line with the TCM view that the physical and emotional aspects of health are deeply connected. An imbalanced Large Intestine can also manifest as skin problems, signifying the organ’s role in eliminating toxins and maintaining balance in the body’s internal environment.... see more

Large Intestine Patterns That Can Lead to Abdominal Pain

Common Symptoms: Diarrhea Chills Abdominal Cold Sensation Abdominal Fullness Hematochezia Mucous In Feces Smelly Stools Anal Burning

Pattern Name Relevant Symptoms Relevant Formulas
Cold invading the Large Intestine Abdominal pain, Diarrhea, Chills, Abdominal cold sensation Liang Fu Wan | Tao Hua Tang
Damp-Heat in the Large Intestine Abdominal pain, Abdominal fullness, Diarrhea, Hematochezia, Mucous in feces, Smelly stools, Anal burning, Scanty and dark urine, Fever, Excessive sweating, Feeling of heat, Thirst, Feeling of heaviness... see more Ge Geng Huang Qin Huang Lian Tang | Shao Yao Tang
Large Intestine Cold Abdominal pain, Diarrhea, Borborygmi, Clear urination, Cold extremities Liang Fu Wan | Tao Hua Tang
Large Intestine Qi Stagnation Abdominal pain, Abdominal distention, Constipation, Anxiety, Bitty stools Chai Hu Shu Gan San
Detailed description of the cause

Uterus

In TCM the Uterus (or "Bao Gong") is not just a reproductive organ but a vital system closely linked to Kidney energy, responsible for menstrual health, fertility, and pregnancy. It's also connected to the Heart and Liver, reflecting the importance of emotional and blood health in reproductive wellness. In TCM, the Uterus is seen as a reservoir of Blood and Qi, crucial for reproductive health and general vitality. When the Uterus malfunctions or is imbalanced, it can lead to menstrual irregularities, infertility, miscarriages, or menopausal symptoms. Additionally, there might be symptoms like lower abdominal pain or emotional disturbances such as mood swings, often linked to Liver Qi stagnation. These manifestations highlight the TCM perspective that the health of the Uterus is intertwined with the overall balance of energy and blood in the body, as well as emotional well-being.... see more

Uterus Patterns That Can Lead to Abdominal Pain

Common Symptoms: Infertility Amenorrhea Diarrhea Generalized Fatigue General Weakness Scanty Menstruation Menstrual Cramps Late Menstruation

Pattern Name Relevant Symptoms Relevant Formulas
Cold in the Uterus Abdominal pain, Lower abdominal pain, Diarrhea, Lack of appetite, Generalized fatigue, General weakness, Thin vaginal discharge... see more Shao Fu Zhu Yu Tang | Wen Jing Tang | Wen Qi Hua Shi Tang | Si Wu Tang | Da Ying Jian
Damp-Phlegm in the Uterus Lower abdominal pain, Late menstruation, Amenorrhea, Scanty menstruation, Abdominal heaviness, Stifling sensation in the chest, Generalized fatigue, Diarrhea, Dull pale complexion, Obesity, Infertility, Ovarian cysts, Ovarian fibroids, Polycystic ovary syndrome, Pseudocyesis, Sputum, Feeling of heaviness... see more Wei Ling Tang | Cang Fu Dao Tan Wan | Wan Dai Tang | Xiong Gui Er Chen Tang
Blood Stagnation and Phlegm in the Uterus Abdominal pain, Persistent uterine bleeding of purple or dark blood, Lower abdominal distension and pain that increases with pressure, Lower abdominal fibroids and cysts, Menstrual cramps, Irregular periods, Prolonged lochia, Infertility, Postpartum hemorrhage, Retained placenta, Cervical erosion... see more Gui Zhi Fu Ling Wan
Detailed description of the cause

Gallbladder

In TCM the Gallbladder has a unique role in storing and excreting bile, but more importantly, it's seen as crucial for decision-making and courage. It's closely connected to the Liver, assisting in the smooth flow of Qi (vital energy) and supporting the Liver's role in maintaining emotional balance. When the Gallbladder malfunctions or is imbalanced in TCM, it can lead to physical symptoms like gallstones, jaundice, or a bitter taste in the mouth. There might also be digestive disturbances, particularly related to fat metabolism. On an emotional level, a Gallbladder disorder can manifest as indecisiveness, timidity, or a tendency to easily succumb to stress. These symptoms highlight the TCM view of the Gallbladder as integral to both physical processes and emotional resilience.... see more

Gallbladder Patterns That Can Lead to Abdominal Pain

Pattern Name Relevant Symptoms Relevant Formulas
Phlegm in Kidneys or Gallbladder Abdomen pain, Epigastric pain, Frequent and urgent urination, Urinary dysfunction, Hematuria Si Ni San | Pai Shi Tang
Detailed description of the cause

Pericardium

In TCM the Pericardium is more than a physical membrane protecting the heart; it's considered an organ system that acts as the "Heart's protector." It plays a crucial role in safeguarding the heart from external pathogenic factors and emotional disturbances. The Pericardium is also involved in regulating blood circulation and influencing emotional well-being, especially in terms of relationships and intimacy. When the Pericardium malfunctions or is imbalanced in TCM, it can lead to symptoms that mirror heart issues, such as chest pain or palpitations, but often with an emotional component like difficulty in forming emotional connections or excessive vulnerability to external stressors. Additionally, a disturbed Pericardium can result in sleep disturbances, anxiety, and in severe cases, mental confusion, reflecting its integral role in both physical heart protection and emotional balance.... see more

Pericardium Patterns That Can Lead to Abdominal Pain

Pattern Name Relevant Symptoms Relevant Formulas
Rebellious Liver Qi invading the Spleen Abdominal pain, Irritability, Abdominal distention, Alternating diarrhea and constipation, Dry stools, Excessive gas and flatulence, Generalized fatigue... see more Xiao Yao San | Tong Xie Yao Fang
Detailed description of the cause

Triple Burner

In TCM the Triple Burner (or San Jiao) is a unique concept rather than a physical organ. It's seen as a system that oversees the flow and balance of Qi and bodily fluids across three regions of the body: the upper (respiratory and cardiovascular systems), middle (digestive system), and lower (urinary and reproductive systems). The Triple Burner facilitates the interaction between these systems, ensuring harmony in bodily functions. When it malfunctions in TCM, it can lead to a variety of symptoms depending on the affected region, such as respiratory issues, digestive problems, or urinary and reproductive disorders. The malfunction can also manifest as general imbalances in energy flow, temperature regulation, and fluid metabolism, reflecting the Triple Burner's role as a coordinator of the body's various processes and its importance in maintaining overall balance and health.... see more

Triple Burner Patterns That Can Lead to Abdominal Pain

Pattern Name Relevant Symptoms Relevant Formulas
Heat and Blood Stagnation in the Lower Burner Lower abdominal pain, Nighttime fever, Incoherent or confused speech, Irritability, Restlessness, Thirst, Amenorrhea, Menstrual cramps, Uterine fibroids, Retained placenta, Prolonged lochia... see more Tao He Cheng Qi Tang
Detailed description of the cause

Lung

In TCM the Lungs are seen as the organ responsible for controlling Qi and respiration, as well as being a key part of the body's defensive system. They are thought to maintain the balance and flow of air and moisture, and are closely linked to the skin and hair. When the Lungs are imbalanced or malfunctioning in TCM, it can lead to respiratory issues like coughing or asthma, a weakened immune system, dry skin, and emotional disturbances such as sadness or grief. These symptoms are believed to arise from disruptions in the Lungs' ability to regulate Qi and protect the body, highlighting their central role in maintaining overall health and well-being.... see more

Lung Patterns That Can Lead to Abdominal Pain

Pattern Name Relevant Symptoms Relevant Formulas
Phlegm-Heat in the Lungs Epigastric pain, Coughing, Shortness of breath, Wheezing, Stifling sensation in the chest, Sputum, Feeling of heat, Thirst, Head and body heaviness, Dizziness, Copious thick yellow sputum... see more Xiao Xian Xiong Tang

TCM Herbal Formulas for Abdominal Pain

For addressing Heat patterns such as Damp-Heat in the Spleen, formulas like Lian Po Yin, containing Huang Lian, are recommended to clear Heat and dry Dampness. Toxic-Heat symptoms are treated with Wu Wei Xiao Du Yin, leveraging Jin Yin Hua's properties to clear Heat and relieve Toxicity.

For Qi Stagnation, Chai Hu Shu Gan San is used to promote Qi movement and alleviate discomfort. Each formula is selected based on the underlying pattern, demonstrating TCM's individualized approach to treatment.

Explore below some TCM herbal formulas used to address abdominal pain, organized by cause and by formula type.

  • By Cause
  • By Formula Type
  • Heat
  • Cold
  • Blood Stasis
  • Qi Stagnation
  • Dampness
  • Yang Deficiency
  • Phlegm
  • Blood Deficiency
  • Qi Deficiency
  • Qi Rebellion
  • Yin Deficiency
  • Yin Excess
  • Wind
  • Formulas that invigorate blood and dispel blood stagnation
  • Formulas that promote qi movement
  • Formulas that nourish yin and tonify
  • Formulas that clear heat from the organs
  • Formulas that tonify qi
  • Formulas that harmonize liver-Spleen
  • Formulas that clear heat and expel dampness
  • Formulas that tonify blood
  • Formulas that warm the middle and dispel cold
  • Formulas that warm yang and tonify
  • Formulas that warm and purge
  • Formulas for a rebellious qi
  • Formulas that reduce food accumulation and transform stagnation
  • Formulas that purge heat accumulation
  • Formulas that expel dampness
  • Formulas that dry dampness and transform phlegm
  • Formulas that secure irregular uterine bleeding and stop vaginal discharge
  • Formulas that tonify qi and blood
  • Formulas that promote urination and leach out dampness
  • Formulas that clear external abscesses and sores
  • Formulas that clear internal abscesses and sores
  • Formulas that bind up intestines and secure abandoned conditions
  • Formulas that release the exterior and clear the interior
  • Formulas that clear blood-Heat
  • Formulas that dispel summer-Heat and resolve exterior
  • Formulas that tonify yin and yang
  • Formulas that moisten intestines and unblock bowels
  • Formulas that tonify
  • Formulas that dispel phlegm
  • Formulas that reduce food stagnation with tonification
  • Formulas that clear heat
  • Formulas that enrich yin and moisten dryness
  • Formulas that clear heat and transform phlegm
  • Formulas that nourish the heart and calm the mind
  • Formulas that release the exterior and warm the interior
  • Formulas that vent membrane source
  • Formulas that warm and transform water and dampness
  • Formulas that stop bleeding
  • Formulas that induce vomiting
  • Formulas that expel parasites
  • Formulas that clear heat from qi and blood
  • Formulas that transform dampness and harmonize stomach

All Formulas Recommended for Abdominal Pain Caused by Heat

Formula Patterns Suitable For
Jia Wei Xiao Yao San Heat in the Blood, Stagnant Liver Qi turning into Fire
Lian Po Yin Damp-Heat invading the Spleen, Damp-Heat in the Stomach
Tiao Wei Cheng Qi Tang Bright Yang Fire in Stomach and Intestines, Stomach Heat or Fire
Xiao Yao San Damp-Heat
Jin Ling Zi San Liver Qi Stagnation that transforms into Heat
Fei Er Wan Stomach Heat or Fire
Wu Wei Xiao Du Yin Toxic-Heat
Xiao Cheng Qi Tang Bright Yang Fire in Stomach and Intestines
Ge Geng Huang Qin Huang Lian Tang Damp-Heat in the Large Intestine
Shao Yao Tang Damp-Heat in the Large Intestine
Qing Jing San Heat in the Blood
Long Dan Xie Gan Tang Heat in the Blood
Liang Di Tang Heat in the Blood
Di Gu Pi Yin Heat in the Blood
Dao Chi San Full-Heat in the Small Intestine
Huang Qin Tang Heat in Lessor Yang
Xuan Yu Tong Jing Tang Stagnant Liver Qi turning into Fire
Ba Zheng San Damp-Heat in the Lower Burner
Er Miao San Damp-Heat
Qing Re Tiao Xue Tang Damp-Heat
Tao He Cheng Qi Tang Heat and Blood Stagnation in the Lower Burner
Ge Hua Jie Cheng San Damp-Heat in the Stomach
Xiao Xian Xiong Tang Phlegm-Heat in the Lungs
Qing Wei San Stomach Heat or Fire
Xie Huang San Stomach Heat or Fire
Hua Ban Tang Stomach Heat or Fire

All Formulas Recommended for Abdominal Pain Caused by Cold

Formula Patterns Suitable For
Liang Fu Wan Cold invading the Large Intestine, Large Intestine Cold, Cold invading the Stomach... see more
Tao Hua Tang Cold invading the Large Intestine, Large Intestine Cold, Kidney and Spleen Yang Deficiency with Empty Cold... see more
Shao Fu Zhu Yu Tang Cold in the Uterus, Blood Stagnation in the Lower Burner caused by Cold
Wen Jing Tang Cold in the Uterus, Full Cold in the Directing and Penetraing Vessels
Si Wu Tang Cold in the Uterus
Tiao Wei Cheng Qi Tang Bright Yang Fire in Stomach and Intestines
Wei Ling Tang Damp-Cold
Shen Ling Bai Zhu San Small Intestine Deficient and Cold
Xiao Jian Zhong Tang Small Intestine Deficient and Cold
Wu Zhu Yu Tang Cold invading the Stomach
Xiao Cheng Qi Tang Bright Yang Fire in Stomach and Intestines
Wen Qi Hua Shi Tang Cold in the Uterus
Da Ying Jian Cold in the Uterus
Da Huang Fu Zi Tang Exterior Cold invading the Interior
Xiang Ru San Exterior Cold with Interior Dampness in Summer
Dang Gui Sheng Jiang Yang Rou Tang Interior Cold
Wu Ji San Interior Cold
Chai Hu Gui Jiang Tang Interior Cold
Huo Xiang Zheng Qi San Cold invading the Stomach

All Formulas Recommended for Abdominal Pain Caused by Blood Stasis

Formula Patterns Suitable For
Si Wu Tang Qi And Blood Stagnation, Blood Stagnation, Blood Deficiency and Stagnation
Shao Fu Zhu Yu Tang Qi And Blood Stagnation, Blood Stagnation, Blood Stagnation in the Lower Burner caused by Cold... see more
Ge Xia Zhu Yu Tang Qi And Blood Stagnation, Blood Stagnation, Liver Blood Stagnation
Tao Hong Si Wu Tang Qi And Blood Stagnation, Blood Stagnation, Blood Deficiency and Stagnation
Gui Zhi Fu Ling Wan Qi And Blood Stagnation, Blood Stagnation and Phlegm in the Uterus, Blood Stagnation in the Directing and Penetrating Vessels... see more
Xiao Yao San Qi And Blood Stagnation, Liver Blood Stagnation
Shi Xiao San Blood Stagnation, Liver Blood Stagnation
Chai Hu Shu Gan San Liver Blood Stagnation
Jia Wei Xiao Yao San Qi And Blood Stagnation
Wen Jing Tang Qi And Blood Stagnation
Wu Yao Tang Qi And Blood Stagnation
Jin Ling Zi San Qi And Blood Stagnation
Wei Jing Tang Qi And Blood Stagnation
Zhu Yu Zhi Xue Tang Blood Stagnation
Tao He Cheng Qi Tang Heat and Blood Stagnation in the Lower Burner
Xue Fu Zhu Yu Tang Stomach Blood Stagnation

All Formulas Recommended for Abdominal Pain Caused by Qi Stagnation

Formula Patterns Suitable For
Chai Hu Shu Gan San Large Intestine Qi Stagnation, Qi Stagnation, Liver Qi Stagnation, Small Intestine Qi Pain... see more
Xiao Yao San Qi And Blood Stagnation, Qi Stagnation, Liver Qi Stagnation
Jia Wei Xiao Yao San Qi And Blood Stagnation, Liver Qi Stagnation, Stagnant Liver Qi turning into Fire... see more
Wu Yao Tang Qi And Blood Stagnation, Qi Stagnation, Liver Qi Stagnation
Jin Ling Zi San Qi And Blood Stagnation, Liver Qi Stagnation that transforms into Heat
Si Wu Tang Qi And Blood Stagnation
Shao Fu Zhu Yu Tang Qi And Blood Stagnation
Wen Jing Tang Qi And Blood Stagnation
Ge Xia Zhu Yu Tang Qi And Blood Stagnation
Tao Hong Si Wu Tang Qi And Blood Stagnation
Gui Zhi Fu Ling Wan Qi And Blood Stagnation
Ban Xia Hou Pu Tang Stomach Qi Stagnation
Wei Jing Tang Qi And Blood Stagnation
Yue Ju Wan Liver Qi Stagnation
Yi Guan Jian Liver Qi Stagnation
Xuan Yu Tong Jing Tang Stagnant Liver Qi turning into Fire
Zuo Jin Wan Stomach Qi Stagnation

All Formulas Recommended for Abdominal Pain Caused by Dampness

Formula Patterns Suitable For
Lian Po Yin Damp-Heat invading the Spleen, Damp-Heat in the Stomach
Wei Ling Tang Damp-Cold, Damp-Phlegm in the Uterus
Xiao Yao San Damp-Heat
Ge Geng Huang Qin Huang Lian Tang Damp-Heat in the Large Intestine
Shao Yao Tang Damp-Heat in the Large Intestine
Xiang Ru San Exterior Cold with Interior Dampness in Summer
Ba Zheng San Damp-Heat in the Lower Burner
Cang Fu Dao Tan Wan Damp-Phlegm in the Uterus
Wan Dai Tang Damp-Phlegm in the Uterus
Xiong Gui Er Chen Tang Damp-Phlegm in the Uterus
Er Miao San Damp-Heat
Qing Re Tiao Xue Tang Damp-Heat
Ge Hua Jie Cheng San Damp-Heat in the Stomach

All Formulas Recommended for Abdominal Pain Caused by Yang Deficiency

Formula Patterns Suitable For
Ba Wei Di Huang Wan Kidney Yang Deficiency, Yang Deficiency or Empty Yang
You Gui Wan Kidney Yang Deficiency, Yang Deficiency or Empty Yang
Zhen Wu Tang Spleen Yang Deficiency, Spleen or Kidney Yang Deficiency
Tao Hua Tang Kidney and Spleen Yang Deficiency with Empty Cold
Xiao Jian Zhong Tang Stomach Yang Deficient and Cold
Wu Zhu Yu Tang Stomach Yang Deficient and Cold
Er Xian Tang Kidney Yang Deficiency
Shen Qi Wan Kidney Yang Deficiency
Wu Zi Yan Zong Wan Kidney Yang Deficiency
Tu Si Zi Wan Kidney Yang Deficiency
Ji Chuan Jian Kidney Yang Deficiency
Ban Liu Wan Yang Deficiency or Empty Yang
Bu Zhong Yi Qi Tang Spleen Yang Deficiency
Yi Huang Tang Spleen Yang Deficiency
Huang Tu Tang Spleen Yang Deficiency
Wen Pi Tang Spleen Yang Deficiency
Xiang Sha Yang Wei Wan Stomach Yang Deficient and Cold
Huang Qi Jian Zhong Tang Stomach Yang Deficient and Cold

All Formulas Recommended for Abdominal Pain Caused by Phlegm

Formula Patterns Suitable For
Gui Zhi Fu Ling Wan Blood Stagnation and Phlegm in the Uterus
Wei Ling Tang Damp-Phlegm in the Uterus
Si Ni San Phlegm in Kidneys or Gallbladder
Pai Shi Tang Phlegm in Kidneys or Gallbladder
Cang Fu Dao Tan Wan Damp-Phlegm in the Uterus
Wan Dai Tang Damp-Phlegm in the Uterus
Xiong Gui Er Chen Tang Damp-Phlegm in the Uterus
Xiao Xian Xiong Tang Phlegm-Heat in the Lungs

All Formulas Recommended for Abdominal Pain Caused by Blood Deficiency

Formula Patterns Suitable For
Si Wu Tang Blood Deficiency, Blood Deficiency and Stagnation
Tao Hong Si Wu Tang Blood Deficiency and Stagnation
Ren Shen Yang Rong Tang Blood Deficiency
Da Bu Yuan Jian Blood Deficiency
Liu Wei Di Huang Wan Blood Deficiency
Gui Pi Tang Blood Deficiency
Sheng Yu Tang Qi and Blood Deficiency

All Formulas Recommended for Abdominal Pain Caused by Qi Deficiency

Formula Patterns Suitable For
Fei Er Wan Spleen Qi Deficiency
Sheng Yu Tang Qi and Blood Deficiency
Xiang Sha Liu Jun Zi Tang Spleen and Stomach Qi Deficiency
Liu Jun Zi Tang Spleen Qi Deficiency
Si Jun Zi Tang Spleen Qi Deficiency

All Formulas Recommended for Abdominal Pain Caused by Qi Rebellion

Formula Patterns Suitable For
Xiao Yao San Rebellious Liver Qi invading the Spleen
Ban Xia Hou Pu Tang Rebellious Liver Qi invading the Stomach
Tong Xie Yao Fang Rebellious Liver Qi invading the Spleen
Xuan Fu Dai Zhe Tang Rebellious Liver Qi invading the Stomach
Si Mo Tang Rebellious Liver Qi invading the Stomach
Ju Pi Zhu Ru Tang Rebellious Liver Qi invading the Stomach
Ding Xiang Shi Di Tang Rebellious Liver Qi invading the Stomach

All Formulas Recommended for Abdominal Pain Caused by Yin Deficiency

Formula Patterns Suitable For
Shen Ling Bai Zhu San Stomach Yin Deficiency
Mai Men Dong Tang Stomach Yin Deficiency
Yi Wei Tang Stomach Yin Deficiency

All Formulas Recommended for Abdominal Pain Caused by Yin Excess

Formula Patterns Suitable For
Wu Ling San Yin Excess
Wu Pi Yin Yin Excess

All Formulas Recommended for Abdominal Pain Caused by Wind

Formula Patterns Suitable For
Tiao Wei Cheng Qi Tang Bright Yang Fire in Stomach and Intestines
Xiao Cheng Qi Tang Bright Yang Fire in Stomach and Intestines

All "formulas that invigorate blood and dispel blood stagnation" recommended for abdominal pain

Formula Patterns Suitable For (if applicable)
Shao Fu Zhu Yu Tang Qi And Blood Stagnation, Cold in the Uterus, Blood Stagnation, Blood Stagnation in the Lower Burner caused by Cold... see more
Wen Jing Tang Cold in the Uterus, Qi And Blood Stagnation, Full Cold in the Directing and Penetraing Vessels, Dampness and Phlegm in the Uterus... see more
Ge Xia Zhu Yu Tang Qi And Blood Stagnation, Liver Blood Stagnation, Blood Stagnation
Gui Zhi Fu Ling Wan Blood Stagnation and Phlegm in the Uterus, Qi And Blood Stagnation, Blood Stagnation in the Directing and Penetrating Vessels... see more
Shi Xiao San Blood Stagnation, Liver Blood Stagnation
Zhu Yu Zhi Xue Tang Blood Stagnation
Xuan Yu Tong Jing Tang Stagnant Liver Qi turning into Fire
Tao He Cheng Qi Tang Heat and Blood Stagnation in the Lower Burner
Xue Fu Zhu Yu Tang Stomach Blood Stagnation

All "formulas that promote qi movement" recommended for abdominal pain

Formula Patterns Suitable For (if applicable)
Chai Hu Shu Gan San Large Intestine Qi Stagnation, Qi Stagnation, Liver Blood Stagnation, Liver Qi Stagnation, Small Intestine Qi Pain... see more
Wu Yao Tang Qi And Blood Stagnation, Qi Stagnation, Liver Qi Stagnation
Liang Fu Wan Cold invading the Large Intestine, Large Intestine Cold, Cold invading the Stomach... see more
Jin Ling Zi San Qi And Blood Stagnation, Liver Qi Stagnation that transforms into Heat
Ban Xia Hou Pu Tang Rebellious Liver Qi invading the Stomach, Stomach Qi Stagnation
Yue Ju Wan Liver Qi Stagnation
Si Mo Tang Rebellious Liver Qi invading the Stomach

All "formulas that harmonize liver-Spleen" recommended for abdominal pain

Formula Patterns Suitable For (if applicable)
Xiao Yao San Qi Stagnation, Liver Blood Stagnation, Liver Qi Stagnation, Rebellious Liver Qi invading the Spleen, Qi And Blood Stagnation, Damp-Heat... see more
Jia Wei Xiao Yao San Qi And Blood Stagnation, Heat in the Blood, Liver Qi Stagnation, Stagnant Liver Qi turning into Fire... see more
Si Ni San Phlegm in Kidneys or Gallbladder
Tong Xie Yao Fang Rebellious Liver Qi invading the Spleen

All "formulas that nourish yin and tonify" recommended for abdominal pain

Formula Patterns Suitable For (if applicable)
Ba Wei Di Huang Wan Kidney Yang Deficiency, Yang Deficiency or Empty Yang
Liang Di Tang Heat in the Blood
Di Gu Pi Yin Heat in the Blood
Yi Guan Jian Liver Qi Stagnation
Da Bu Yuan Jian Blood Deficiency
Liu Wei Di Huang Wan Blood Deficiency
Yi Wei Tang Stomach Yin Deficiency

All "formulas that tonify blood" recommended for abdominal pain

Formula Patterns Suitable For (if applicable)
Si Wu Tang Blood Stagnation, Qi And Blood Stagnation, Blood Deficiency, Cold in the Uterus, Blood Deficiency and Stagnation... see more
Tao Hong Si Wu Tang Qi And Blood Stagnation, Blood Stagnation, Blood Deficiency and Stagnation
Da Ying Jian Cold in the Uterus
Sheng Yu Tang Qi and Blood Deficiency

All "formulas that clear heat from the organs" recommended for abdominal pain

Formula Patterns Suitable For (if applicable)
Shao Yao Tang Damp-Heat in the Large Intestine
Long Dan Xie Gan Tang Heat in the Blood
Dao Chi San Full-Heat in the Small Intestine
Huang Qin Tang Heat in Lessor Yang
Qing Wei San Stomach Heat or Fire
Xie Huang San Stomach Heat or Fire

All "formulas that tonify qi" recommended for abdominal pain

Formula Patterns Suitable For (if applicable)
Shen Ling Bai Zhu San Stomach Yin Deficiency, Small Intestine Deficient and Cold
Liu Jun Zi Tang Spleen Qi Deficiency
Xiang Sha Yang Wei Wan Stomach Yang Deficient and Cold
Si Jun Zi Tang Spleen Qi Deficiency
Bu Zhong Yi Qi Tang Spleen Yang Deficiency

All "formulas that clear heat and expel dampness" recommended for abdominal pain

Formula Patterns Suitable For (if applicable)
Lian Po Yin Damp-Heat invading the Spleen, Damp-Heat in the Stomach
Pai Shi Tang Phlegm in Kidneys or Gallbladder
Ba Zheng San Damp-Heat in the Lower Burner
Qing Re Tiao Xue Tang Damp-Heat

All "formulas that warm the middle and dispel cold" recommended for abdominal pain

Formula Patterns Suitable For (if applicable)
Xiao Jian Zhong Tang Small Intestine Deficient and Cold, Stomach Yang Deficient and Cold
Wu Zhu Yu Tang Stomach Yang Deficient and Cold, Cold invading the Stomach
Wen Qi Hua Shi Tang Cold in the Uterus
Huang Qi Jian Zhong Tang Stomach Yang Deficient and Cold

All "formulas that warm and purge" recommended for abdominal pain

Formula Patterns Suitable For (if applicable)
Da Huang Fu Zi Tang Exterior Cold invading the Interior
Ban Liu Wan Yang Deficiency or Empty Yang
Wen Pi Tang Spleen Yang Deficiency

All "formulas that reduce food accumulation and transform stagnation" recommended for abdominal pain

Formula Patterns Suitable For (if applicable)
Fei Er Wan Spleen Qi Deficiency, Stomach Heat or Fire
Bao He Wan Food Stagnation in the Stomach
Zhi Shi Dao Zhi Wan Food Stagnation in the Stomach

All "formulas that expel dampness" recommended for abdominal pain

Formula Patterns Suitable For (if applicable)
Wei Ling Tang Damp-Cold, Damp-Phlegm in the Uterus
Er Miao San Damp-Heat

All "formulas that warm yang and tonify" recommended for abdominal pain

Formula Patterns Suitable For (if applicable)
You Gui Wan Kidney Yang Deficiency, Yang Deficiency or Empty Yang
Shen Qi Wan Kidney Yang Deficiency
Wu Zi Yan Zong Wan Kidney Yang Deficiency
Tu Si Zi Wan Kidney Yang Deficiency

All "formulas that purge heat accumulation" recommended for abdominal pain

Formula Patterns Suitable For (if applicable)
Tiao Wei Cheng Qi Tang Bright Yang Fire in Stomach and Intestines, Stomach Heat or Fire
Xiao Cheng Qi Tang Bright Yang Fire in Stomach and Intestines

All "formulas that secure irregular uterine bleeding and stop vaginal discharge" recommended for abdominal pain

Formula Patterns Suitable For (if applicable)
Wan Dai Tang Damp-Phlegm in the Uterus
Yi Huang Tang Spleen Yang Deficiency

All "formulas that tonify qi and blood" recommended for abdominal pain

Formula Patterns Suitable For (if applicable)
Gui Pi Tang Blood Deficiency
Dang Gui Sheng Jiang Yang Rou Tang Interior Cold

All "formulas for a rebellious qi" recommended for abdominal pain

Formula Patterns Suitable For (if applicable)
Xuan Fu Dai Zhe Tang Rebellious Liver Qi invading the Stomach
Ju Pi Zhu Ru Tang Rebellious Liver Qi invading the Stomach
Ding Xiang Shi Di Tang Rebellious Liver Qi invading the Stomach

All "formulas that dry dampness and transform phlegm" recommended for abdominal pain

Formula Patterns Suitable For (if applicable)
Cang Fu Dao Tan Wan Damp-Phlegm in the Uterus
Xiong Gui Er Chen Tang Damp-Phlegm in the Uterus

All "formulas that promote urination and leach out dampness" recommended for abdominal pain

Formula Patterns Suitable For (if applicable)
Wu Ling San Yin Excess
Wu Pi Yin Yin Excess

Acupoints for Abdominal Pain

TCM also utilizes acupuncture to treat abdominal pain, targeting specific points along the meridians that correspond to the underlying disharmony. For Spleen Qi Deficiency, points such as Daheng SP-15 are used to strengthen the Spleen. Quchi LI-11 is employed for its Heat-clearing properties, addressing issues of Heat. These acupoints, when stimulated, can help regulate Qi flow, alleviate pain, and address the root cause of abdominal discomfort, providing a complementary approach to herbal treatments.

Explore below some acupoints used to address abdominal pain, organized by meridian.

  • By Meridian
  • Stomach Channel
  • Kidney Channel
  • Spleen Channel
  • Bladder Channel
  • Directing Vessel
  • Liver Channel
  • Large Intestine Channel
  • Gall Bladder Channel
  • Pericardium Channel
  • Extra Points: Chest and Abdomen (EX-CA)
  • Extra Points: Head and Neck (EX-HN)
  • Extra Points: Lower Extremities (EX-LE)
  • Triple Burner Channel
  • Extra Points: Back (EX-B)
Burong ST-19

Burong ST-19

2 cun below the sternocostal angel and 6 cun above the umbilicus, 2 cun lateral to the anterior midline.

Chengman ST-20

Chengman ST-20

5 cun above the umbilicus and 2 cun lateral to the anterior midline, or 1 cun below Burong ST-19.

Liangmen ST-21

Liangmen ST-21

4 cun above the umbilicus and 2 cun lateral to the anterior midline.

Guanmen ST-22

Guanmen ST-22

3 cun above the umbilicus and 2 cun lateral to the anterior midline.

Taiyi ST-23

Taiyi ST-23

2 cun above the umbilicus, 2 cun lateral to the anterior midline.

Huaroumen ST-24

Huaroumen ST-24

1 cun above the umbilicus and 2 cun lateral to the anterior midline.

Tianshu ST-25

Tianshu ST-25

2 cun lateral to the center of the umbilicus.

Wailing ST-26

Wailing ST-26

1 cun below the umbilicus, 2 cun lateral to the anterior midline.

Daju ST-27

Daju ST-27

2 cun below the umbilicus, 2 cun lateral to the anterior midline.

Shuidao ST-28

Shuidao ST-28

3 cun below the umbilicus, 2 cun lateral to anterior midline.

Qichong ST-30

Qichong ST-30

5 cun below the umbilicus, 2 cun lateral to the anterior midline, superior to the inguinal groove, on the medial side of the femoral artery, nerve and vein.

Yinshi ST-33

Yinshi ST-33

3 cun above the upper-lateral border of the patella, on a line between the lateral patellar border and the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS).

Liangqiu ST-34

Liangqiu ST-34

2 cun above the upper-lateral border of the patella, on a line between the upper lateral patellar border and the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS).

Zusanli ST-36

Zusanli ST-36

3 cun below Dubi ST-35, one finger breadth lateral to the anterior crest of the tibia, on the tibialis anterior muscle.

Shangjuxu ST-37

Shangjuxu ST-37

6 cun below Dubi ST-35, on finger-breadth from the anterior crest of the tibia.

Xiajuxu ST-39

Xiajuxu ST-39

9 cun below Dubi ST-35, about one middle finger-width lateral to the anterior crest of the tibia.

Jiexi ST-41

Jiexi ST-41

At the junction of the dorsum of the foot and leg, between the tendons of extensor digitorum and the extensor hallucis longus muscle. Approximately at the level of the tip of the external malleolus.

Chongyang ST-42

Chongyang ST-42

Distal to Jiexi ST-41, at the highest point of the dorsum of foot, between the tendons of the extensor hallucis longus and the extensor digitorum longus, directly lateral to the point where the dorsalis pedis artery may be palpated. The point is bordered proximally by the 2nd and 3rd metatarsal bones and distally by the 2nd and 3rd cuneiform bones.

Xiangu ST-43

Xiangu ST-43

On the dorsum of the foot, in the depression between the 2nd and 3rd metatarsal bones, at the level of the junction of the shafts and the heads of these metatarsal bones.

Neiting ST-44

Neiting ST-44

Between the 2nd and the 3rd toes, proximal to the interdigital fold.

Yongquan KID-1

Yongquan KID-1

In the depression between the 2nd and 3rd metatarsal bones on the sole when the foot is in plantar flexion, approximately at the junction of the anterior and middle third of the sole.

Rangu KID-2

Rangu KID-2

Anterior and inferior to the medial malleolus tip, in the depression on the lower border of the navicular bone, at the border of the 'red and white' skin.

Zhaohai KID-6

Zhaohai KID-6

Approximately 1 cun below the medial malleolus tip, over the joint space between the talus and the calcaneus.

Jiaoxin KID-8

Jiaoxin KID-8

2 cun above Taixi KID-3, 0.5 cun anterior to Fuliu KID-7, posterior to the medial border of tibia.

Yingu KID-10

Yingu KID-10

On the medial side of the popliteal fossa, level with Weizhong BL-40, between the tendons of semitendinosus and semimenbranosus muscle when the knee is flexed.

Henggu KID-11

Henggu KID-11

5 cun below the umbilicus, on the upper border of symphysis pubis, 0.5 cun lateral to the anterior midline. It is at the same level as Qugu REN-2 which is at the anterior midline.

Qixue KID-13

Qixue KID-13

3 cun below the umbilicus, 0.5 cun lateral to the anterior midline.

Siman KID-14

Siman KID-14

2 cun below the umbilicus, 0.5 cun lateral to the anterior midline.

Zhongzhu KID-15

Zhongzhu KID-15

1 cun below the umbilicus, 0.5 cun lateral to the anterior midline.

Huangshu KID-16

Huangshu KID-16

0.5 cun lateral to the center of the umbilicus.

Shangqu KID-17

Shangqu KID-17

2 cun above the umbilicus, 0.5 cun lateral to the anterior midline.

Shiguan KID-18

Shiguan KID-18

3 cun above the umbilicus, 0.5 cun lateral to the anterior midline.

Yindu KID-19

Yindu KID-19

4 cun above the umbilicus, 0.5 cun lateral to the anterior midline.

Youmen KID-21

Youmen KID-21

6 cun above the umbilicus and 2 cun below the sternocostal angle, 0.5 cun lateral to the anterior midline.

Dadu SP-2

Dadu SP-2

On the medial aspect of the big toe, at the junction of the shaft and the base of the proximal phalanx, distal to the 1st metatarsophalangeal joint.

Taibai SP-3

Taibai SP-3

Proximal and inferior to the head of the 1st metatarsal bone, at the border of the red and white skin.

Gongsun SP-4

Gongsun SP-4

In the depression distal and inferior to the base of the 1st metatarsal bone, at the border of the red and white skin.

Sanyinjiao SP-6

Sanyinjiao SP-6

3 cun directly above the tip of the medial malleolus, on the posterior border of the tibia, on the line drawn from the medial malleolus to Yinlingquan SP-9.

Diji SP-8

Diji SP-8

3 cun below the medial condyle of the tibia, on the line connecting Yinlingquan SP-9 and the the medial malleolus.

Yinlingquan SP-9

Yinlingquan SP-9

On the lower border of the medial condyle of the tibia, in the depression between the posterior border of the tibia and gastrocnemius muscle.

Jimen SP-11

Jimen SP-11

6 cun above Xuehai SP-10, on the line draw from Xuehai SP-10 to Chongmen SP-12.

Chongmen SP-12

Chongmen SP-12

Lateral to the inguinal groove, on the immediate lateral side of the femoral artery, at the level of the upper border of symphysis pubis, 3.5 cun lateral to Qugu REN-2.

Fushe SP-13

Fushe SP-13

0.7 cun above Chongmen SP-12, 4 cun lateral to the anterior midline.

Fujie SP-14

Fujie SP-14

On the mamillary line which is 4 cun lateral to the anterior midline. 3 cun above Fushe SP-13, 1.3 cun below Daheng SP-15, on the lateral side of rectus abdominis muscle.

Daheng SP-15

Daheng SP-15

On the mammillary line 4 cun lateral to the umbilicus center.

Fuai SP-16

Fuai SP-16

3 cun above the umbilicus center and 4 cun lateral to the anterior midline, on the mamillary line.

Dushu BL-16

Dushu BL-16

1.5 cun lateral to the lower border of the spinous process of the 6th thoracic vertebra (T6).

Geshu BL-17

Geshu BL-17

1.5 cun lateral to the lower border of the spinous process of the 7th thoracic vertebra (T7).

Ganshu BL-18

Ganshu BL-18

1.5 cun lateral to the lower border of the spinous process of the 9th thoracic vertebra (T9).

Pishu BL-20

Pishu BL-20

1.5 cun lateral to the lower border of the spinous process of the 11th thoracic vertebra (T11).

Weishu BL-21

Weishu BL-21

1.5 cun lateral to the lower border of the spinous process of the 12th thoracic vertebra (T12).

Dachangshu BL-25

Dachangshu BL-25

1.5 cun lateral to the lower border of the spinous process of the 4th lumber vertebra (L4).

Guanyuanshu BL-26

Guanyuanshu BL-26

1.5 cun lateral to the lower border of the spinous process of the 5th lumber vertebra (L5).

Xiaochangshu BL-27

Xiaochangshu BL-27

At the level of the 1st posterior sacral foramen, 1.5 cun lateral to the posterior midline.

Pangguangshu BL-28

Pangguangshu BL-28

At the level of the 2nd posterior sacral foramen, 1.5 cun lateral to the posterior midline, in the depression between the medial border of the posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS) and the sacrum.

Xialiao BL-34

Xialiao BL-34

In the 4th posterior sacral foramen, between the posterior superior iliac spine and the midline.

Yixi BL-45

Yixi BL-45

3 cun (about 4 finger-breadths) lateral to the lower border of the spinous process of the 6th thoracic vertebra (T6).

Yanggang BL-48

Yanggang BL-48

3 cun lateral to the lower border of the spinous process of the 10th thoracic vertebra (T10).

Guanyuan REN-4

Guanyuan REN-4

On the midline of the abdomen, 3 cun below the umbilicus.

Shimen REN-5

Shimen REN-5

On the midline of the abdomen, 2 cun below the umbilicus.

Qihai REN-6

Qihai REN-6

On the midline of the abdomen, 1.5 cun below the umbilicus.

Yinjiao REN-7

Yinjiao REN-7

On the midline of the abdomen, 1 cun below the umbilicus.

Xiawan REN-10

Xiawan REN-10

On the midline of the abdomen, 2 cun above the umbilicus and 6 cun below the sternocostal angle.

Jianli REN-11

Jianli REN-11

On the midline of the abdomen, 3 cun above the umbilicus and 5 cun below the sternocostal angle.

Zhongwan REN-12

Zhongwan REN-12

On the midline of the abdomen, 4 cun above the umbilicus and 4 cun below the sternocostal angle.

Zhongting REN-16

Zhongting REN-16

On the midline of the chest, on the level of the 5th intercostal space. On the sternocostal angle, where the two lower borders of the ribcage meet.

Dadun LIV-1

Dadun LIV-1

On the lateral side of the dorsum of the great toe terminal phalanx, between the lateral corner of the nail and interphalangeal joint.

Zhongfeng LIV-4

Zhongfeng LIV-4

1 cun anterior to the tip of medial malleolus, in the depression on the medial side of the tendon of the tibialis anterior.

Zhongdu LIV-6

Zhongdu LIV-6

7 cun above the tip of the medial malleolus, or 2 cun above Ligou LIV-5, on the medial aspect and posterior to the medial crest of the tibia.

Ququan LIV-8

Ququan LIV-8

On the medial aspect of the knee join. Flex the knee and locate the point above the medial end of the popliteal crease, posterior to the medial condyle of the tibia, on the anterior border of the insertion of semimembranosus and semitendinosus muscle, about 1 cun anterior to Yingu KID-10.

Jimai LIV-12

Jimai LIV-12

Interior and lateral to the pubic spine, 2.5 cun lateral to the Qugu REN-2 on the anterior midline and 1 cun inferior to the upper border of the symphysis.

Zhangmen LIV-13

Zhangmen LIV-13

On the lateral side of the abdomen, below the free end of the 11th rib.

Qimen LIV-14

Qimen LIV-14

On the mammillary line, two ribs below the nipple, in the 6th intercostal space, 4 cun lateral to the midline. Please note that there is an alternative location for LIV-14 at the lower edge of the ribcage in line with the nipple or, in women, 4 cun from the midline. In fact, one could look upon these as two separate points. The one in the intercostal space is used more for Channel problems. While the one at the lower edge of the ribcage is used more for Organ problems.

Hegu LI-4

Hegu LI-4

Between the 1st and 2nd metacarpal bones, approximately in the middle of the 2nd metacarpal bone on the radial side.

Wenliu LI-7

Wenliu LI-7

When a fist is made, with the ulnar side downward and elbow flexed, the point is 5 cun above Yangxi LI-5 at the wrist crease, 1 cun distal to the midpoint of the line joining Yangxi LI-5 and Quchi LI-11.

Xialian LI-8

Xialian LI-8

When a fist is made, with the ulnar side downward and elbow flexed, the point is 4 cun distal to Quchi LI-11 of the line joining Yangxi LI-5 and Quchi LI-11.

Shanglian LI-9

Shanglian LI-9

When a fist is made, with the ulnar side downward and elbow flexed, the point is 3 cun distal to Quchi LI-11 of the line joining Yangxi LI-5 and Quchi LI-11.

Shousanli LI-10

Shousanli LI-10

When a fist is made, with the ulnar side downward and elbow flexed, the point is 2 cun distal to Quchi LI-11 of the line joining Yangxi LI-5 and Quchi LI-11.

Quchi LI-11

Quchi LI-11

When the elbow is flexed, Quchi LI-11 is in the depression at the lateral end of the cubital crease, midway between Chize LU-5 and the lateral epicondyle of the humerus.

Riyue GB-24

Riyue GB-24

On the mamillary line which is 4 cun lateral to the anterior midline, in the 7th intercostal space, 1 intercostal space below Qimen LIV-14.

Jingmen GB-25

Jingmen GB-25

On the lateral side of the abdomen, on the lower border of the free end of the 12th rib.

Daimai GB-26

Daimai GB-26

Level with the umbilicus, directly below Zhangmen LIV-13 which is on the free end of the 11th rib.

Wushu GB-27

Wushu GB-27

In the lateral side of the abdomen, in the front of the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS), 3 cun below the level of the umbilicus.

Weidao GB-28

Weidao GB-28

Anterior and Inferior to the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS), 0.5 cun anterior and inferior to Wushu GB-27.

Quze P-3

Quze P-3

On the transverse cubital crease, at the ulnar side of the tendon of biceps brachii muscle.

Jianshi P-5

Jianshi P-5

3 cun above the transverse crease of the wrist, between the tendons of palmaris longus and flexor carpi radialis muscle.

Neiguan P-6

Neiguan P-6

2 cun above Daling P-7 on the transverse crease of the wrist, between the tendons of palmaris longus and flexor carpi radialis muscle.

Daling P-7

Daling P-7

In the depression in the middle of the transverse crease of the wrist, between the tendons of palmaris longus and flexor carpi radialis muscle.

Tituo EX-CA

Tituo EX-CA

4 cun lateral to the anterior midline and 2 cun superior to the upper border of the pubic symphysis.

Weishang EX-CA

Weishang EX-CA

This point is on the Spleen Channel, 4 cun lateral and 2 cun superior to the umbilicus.

Qiduan EX-LE-12

Qiduan EX-LE-12

On the tips of the 10 toes.

Zhigou TB-6

Zhigou TB-6

3 cun above Yangchi ST-4 at the dorsal wrist joint space, between the radius and ulna.

Weiwanxiashu EX-B-3

Weiwanxiashu EX-B-3

1.5 cun lateral to the lower border of the spinous process of the 8th thoracic vertebra (T8).